References

1. National Cancer Institute. Adult brain tumors (PDQ®): treatment. Available online at: http://www.nci.nih.gov/ cancertopics/pdq/treatment/adultbrain/healthprofessional. Accessed June 15, 2005.



2. Brem S, DeAngelis LM, Maor M, Narayana A, Portnow J, Vrionis FD, for the NCCN Central Nervous System Cancers Panel Members. Central Nervous System Cancers. National Comprehensive Cancer Network. Clinical Practice Guidelines in Oncology. v 1.2005. Available online at: http://nccn.org. Accessed: June 15, 2005.



3. Jemal A, Murray T, Ward E, Samuels A, Tiwari RC, Ghafoor A, et al. Cancer statistics, 2005. CA Cancer J Clin. 2005;55:10-30. Available online at: http://caonline.amcancersoc.org/cgi/content/ full/55/1/10. Accessed: July 17, 2005.



4. Levin VA, Leibel SA, Gutin PH. Neoplasms of the central nervous system. In: DeVita VT Jr, Hellman S, Rosenberg SA, eds. Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology. 6th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2001:2100-2160.



5. Avgeropoulos NG, Batchelor TT. New treatment strategies for malignant gliomas. Oncologist. 1999;4:209-224.



6. Friedman H, Hamilton AJ, Lesser G, Olivi A, Rhines L, Ryken T, Stevens G. Management of Patients Receiving Chemotherapeutic Implants for the Treatment of Malignant Gliomas. Postgragudate Institute for Medicine; 2001.



7. Westphal M, Hilt DC, Bortey E, et al. A phase 3 trial of local chemotherapy with biodegradable carmustine (BCNU) in patients with primary malignant glioma. Neuro-Oncology. 2003;5:79-88.



8. Berens ME, Rutka JT, Rosenblum ML. Brain tumor epidemiology, growth, and invasion. Neurosurg Clin North Am. 1990;1:1-8.



9. Jellinger K. Pathology of human intracranial neoplasia. In: Jellinger K, ed. Therapy of Malignant Brain Tumors. Berlin: Springer-Verlag; 1987:23-27.



10. McDonald JD, Rosenblum ML. Gliomas. In: Regachary SS, Wilkins RH, eds. Principles of Neurosurgery. St. Louis, MO: Mosby-Wolfe; 1994:Chapter 26.



11. Zulch KJ. Histological typing of tumors of the central nervous system. Geneva: World Health Organization; 1979.



12. Zulch KJ. Principles of the new World Health Organization (WHO) classification of brain tumors. Neuroradiology. 1980;19:59-66.



13. Kleihues P, Burger PC, Scheithauer BW. The new WHO classification of brain tumors. Brain Pathol. 1993;3:255-268.



14. Karim AB, Afra D, Cornu P, et al. Randomized trial on the efficacy of radiotherapy for cerebral low-grade glioma in the adult: European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer Study 22845 with the Medical Research Council Study BRO4: an interim analysis. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2002;52:316-324.



15. Brem H, Piantadosi S, Burger PC, et al. Placebo-controlled trial of safety and efficacy of intraoperative controlled delivery by biodegradable polymers of chemotherapy for recurrent gliomas. Lancet. 1995;345:1008-1012.



16. Valtonen S, Timonen U, Toivanen P, et al. Interstitial chemotherapy with carmustine-loaded polymers for high-grade gliomas: a randomized double-blind study. Neurosurgery. 1997;41:44-49.



17. Cokgor I, Friedman HS, Friedman AH. Chemotherapy for adults with malignant glioma. Cancer Invest. 1999;17:264-272.



18. Chang SM, Parney IF, Huang W, Anderson FA Jr, Asher AL, Bernstein M, et al, for Glioma Outcomes Project Investigators. Patterns of care for adults with newly diagnosed malignant glioma. JAMA. 2005; 2:557-564.



19. Giese A, Kucinski T, Knopp U, Goldbrunner R, Hamel W, Mehdorn HM, et al. Pattern of recurrence following local chemotherapy with biodegradable carmustine (BCNU) implants in patients with glioblastoma. J Neuro-Oncology. 2004;66:351-60.



20. Darlymple JS, Parisi JE, Roche PC, Ziesmer SC, Scheithauer BW, Kelly PJ. Changes in proliferating cell nuclear antigen expression in glioblastoma multiforme cells along a stereotactic biopsy trajectory. Neurosurgery. 1994;35:1036-1045.



21. Schiffer D, Cavalla P, Dutto A, Brosotti L. Cell proliferation and invasion in malignant gliomas. Anticancer Res. 1997;17:61-70.



22. Meldorf MG, Riddle V, Agarwal S, et al. Long-term efficacy of local chemotherapy with biodegradable carmustine implants (Gliadel) in high-grade malignant gliomas. Presented at: the AANS 2003 Annual Meeting Scientific Program. Poster presentation 1467.



23. Data on file. Guilford Pharmaceuticals, Inc.; 2005.



24. Gliadel® Wafer (polifeprosan 20 with carmustine implant) [prescribing information]. Baltimore, MD: Guilford Pharmaceuticals, Inc.; 2003.



25. Meldorf MG, Riddle V, Agarwal S, et al. Long-term efficacy of the Gliadel®Wafer in patients with glioblastoma multiforme. Presented at: the AANS 2003 Annual Meeting Scientific Program. Poster presentation 1492.



26. Kleinberg LR, Weingart J, Burger P, Carson K, Grossman SA, Li K, et al. Clinical course and pathologic findings after Gliadel and radiotherapy for newly diagnosed malignant glioma: implications for patient management. Cancer Invest. 2004;22:1-9.



27. Limentani SA, Asher A, Heafner M, Kim JW, Fraser R. A phase I trial of survery, Gliadel®Wafer implantation, and immediate postoperative carboplatin in combination with radiation therapy for primary anaplastic astrocytoma or glioblastoma multiforme. J Neuro-Oncology. 2005;72:241-244.



28. Sampath P, Brem H. Implantable slow-release chemotherapeutic polymers for the treatment of malignant brain tumors. Cancer Control. 1998;5:107-114.



29. Renauden J, Fewer D, Wilson CB, et al. Dose dependency of Decadron®(dexamethasone) patients with partially excised brain tumors. J Neurosurg. 1973;39:302-305.



30. Lieberman A, Le Brun Y, Glass P, et al. Use of high-dose corticosteroids in patients with inoperable brain tumors. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatr. 1977;40:678-682.



31. Friedman HS, Kerby T, Calvert H. Temozolomide and treatment of malignant glioma. Clin Cancer Res. 2000;6:2585-2597.



32. Stevens MFG, Hickman JA, Landon SP, Chubb D, Vickers L, Stone R, et al. Antitumor activity and pharmacokinetics in mice of 8-carbomoyl-3-methyl-imidazol[5,1-d]-1,2,3,5-tetrazin- 4(3H)-one (CCRG 81045: M & B39831), a novel drug with potential as an alternative to dacarbazine. Cancer Res. 1987;47: 5846-5852.



33. Temodar® (temozolomide) capsules [product information]. Kenilworth, NJ: Schering Corporation; 2004